Sonic the Hedgehog 3/Development/Music

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The music of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 stands as an ongoing conundrum for Sega due to certain executive decisions made during development. Due to the last-minute inclusion of the popular music artist Michael Jackson and his sound team, along with consequences of his subsequent departure before the game's release, it's not fully understood how much of the soundtrack is currently owned by the company. As time passed, some of Sonic 3's development staff have commented on the issue (some providing conflicting information), with all confirming Jackson's involvement in one of the most curious & complicated moments of the franchise's history.

History

Dreams Come True

Soon after development on Sonic the Hedgehog 2 completed, core staff members Yuji Naka, Hirokazu Yasuhara, and Takashi Iizuka were brought back to Japan to begin planning for Sonic the Hedgehog 3. Around this time, Masato Nakamura (responsible for composing the first two Mega Drive Sonic games) experienced a great deal of success with his band Dreams Come True and subsequently increased his contractual demands for producing a soundtrack for Sonic 3. He requested more royalties for his music and reuse of his compositions in future releases. Sega of Japan declined, and had to look elsewhere for the composition power needed in such a blockbuster title.

Michael Jackson & team

Michael Jackson assigned the project's management duties to long-time friend and collaborator Brad Buxer.

Initially, the game's soundtrack was composed by Sega's in-house composers. However, sometime in 1993 - relatively late in the development process - the company entered into an agreement to have Michael Jackson and his personal sound team compose the game's soundtrack. Jackson had a long history with Sega (most notably producing Michael Jackson's Moonwalker early in the Mega Drive's lifespan) and had visited Sega's offices in Japan some months prior - particularly becoming close friends with company executive Hisashi Suzuki. As Jackson was both an avid video gamer and a fan of Sonic the Hedgehog, Suzuki suggested that the artist compose the soundtrack to an upcoming Sonic the Hedgehog title, an offer which was immediately accepted. Despite Suzuki warning Jackson that his work on the game was unlikely to be as profitable as his other endeavors, Jackson astoundingly charged no cost for his work on the project, refusing Hisashi Suzuki's offers of reimbursement and only requesting that Sega instead donate a percentage of the game's profits to charity. Accordingly, a number of the company's upper management, including Sega of America president Tom Kalinske, recall that Jackson signed no official contracts for his work on Sonic the Hedgehog 3.

When Jackson was first assigned to creating music for the game, Hisashi Suzuki initially described the game's various Zones verbally, to which Jackson had a difficult time imagining what sound would accompany them. However, once Suzuki switched to picture-based examples, Jackson sprung to life and began envisioning the game's music. According to Suzuki, Jackson was the type of artist whose creativity was inspired by "visuals, not words." Following this, Sega's in-house Sega Sound Team (along with Jackson's assistant Mayumi Nina Sakazaki and Sega's Hisaki Nimiya), were flown to a Los Angeles, California hotel with their computers and equipment to produce the soundtrack with Jackson. This process consisted of working with the artist to create demo tracks with professional instruments during the day, and then translating that music to FM synthesis for playback on the Mega Drive during the night. Jackson and his team would then listen to the results and provide feedback, with the artist delegating his team's management to Brad Buxer, one of Jackson's closest professional collaborators and a trusted friend. In particular, Buxer would assume the majority of management duties on the project, as according to Mayumi Nina Sakazaki, "it seems that Michael had complete trust in Brad." Both Jackson and Buxer assumed they could complete the soundtrack in about a week, but problems acquiring a satisfactory sound from the new compositions, as well as ideological differences with Sega Sound Team and issues with sample memory size, resulted in the team remaining in Los Angeles two weeks longer than expected.

One of Buxer's biggest obstacles was transcribing Jackson's style to digital music. In particular, Buxer ran into conflicts with Sega Sound Team over the shifting of rhythms, as he was told that while these changes can be made with analog music, the style of video game music results in more rigid "beats". Worse, Jackson was reportedly disappointed in the sound quality of the freshly-translated compositions, and told Buxer that his work could never be released like this. In response, Nimiya countered that millions of Jackson's fans listen to his work on low-quality speakers such as radios, and the group endeavored to produce the best quality they could from such a unique collaboration. According to a number of people involved with the project, Jackson always remained professional and polite, and never spoke down to other musicians.

Jackson and his sound team produced a number of original compositions for the project (along with recycling some of their past compositions, such as Buxer's unreleased New Wave single "Hard Times" as the theme for Ice Cap Zone). After the music was complete, Sega Sound Team flew back to Japan to finalize the soundtrack's development. Early that September, Jackson (who was in Japan for a concert at the Fukuoka Dome) met with Sega for final approval on his team's contributions. However, the artist was still displeased with the quality of his original music, and worked with the Team to make a number of last-minute changes - including the removal and replacement of certain tracks entirely. Jackson then officially approved of the soundtrack, and even personally invited Nimiya and Sega Sound Team to his Fukuoka Dome concert.

While some developer statements claim Jackson requested his music be removed from the final product, most sources claim Jackson did allow the use of his music in the released soundtrack, but chose to go uncredited. Regardless of their source, allusions to the artist's musical style were incorporated into several songs. Much of the game’s new jack swing themes can be attributed to Jackson and his team, and Carnival Night Zone's theme even directly samples the 1991 Jackson song Jam. The soundtrack also features motifs commonly associated with the artist, such as rhythms being punctuated with the occasional “woo!”.

While Jackson's is currently believed to have composed the majority of Sonic the Hedgehog 3 in some regard, one of his compositions was directly recycled from the 1991 recording of Blood on the Dance Floor: a single co-produced by Buxer and Jackson which features a rolling drum beat later included in Knuckles’ Theme (and by extension, Sub-Boss Theme). More famously, however, is Jackson's 1995 single Stranger in Moscow, which reuses the general chord progression of Sonic 3's final track, "Staff Roll". Ultimately, Jackson was not credited in either Sonic the Hedgehog 3 or the related Sonic & Knuckles, with credits going to the remaining members of his sound team (Brad Buxer, Bobby Brooks, Darryl Ross, Geoff Grace, Doug Grigsby III, and Scirocco), and with the Sega Sound Team and Cube treated as secondary to the "music composers".

Howard Drossin & Sega Sound Team

STI's Howard Drossin, from the 1994 MTV television special Rock the Rock.

Sega Technical Institute's in-house composer Howard Drossin, was brought in near the end of development to contribute a few themes and jingles to the Sonic 3 project, with most of his contributions being utilized in the later Sonic & Knuckles. Drossin also comments on Jackson's involvement, stating the artist had "nothing to do with the final product", confirming both his involvement and later departure. Curiously, a few of Drossin's compositions in Sonic & Knuckles are used in Sonic 3 & Knuckles to replace Sonic 3 jingles created by Jackson's team.

Even without the involvement of Michael Jackson, it appears the soundtrack to Sonic the Hedgehog 3 underwent a number of changes during development. One of the game's Japanese composers, Miyoko Takaoka, revealed during fan correspondence that she composed the music for Marble Garden Zone and a bonus stage. However, after being presented with the bonus stage themes in the final game, she did not recognize any as hers, believing her original composition may have gone unused. While she did not specifically comment on Marble Garden Zone, fans familiar with her work claim the final theme does not sound like Takaoka's style. Another composer, Tomonori Sawada, states that he's not able to tell which composer created which track, likely due to him no longer having the documentation.

Sega veteran Tokuhiko Uwabo was responsible for managing the game's sound development, which entailed assigning Sega staff to production work and contracting outside composers; he confirms he did not compose for the soundtrack itself. Masaru Setsumaru and Masayuki Nagao (the latter credited to Opus, a sound company he was about to join) were tasked with sound programming, sound effect creation, and arranging music for playback through the Mega Drive's FM synthesis, also confirming they did not compose for the game; Setsumaru later recalled "it was an honor to work on the same project as Michael Jackson."

Composer Yoshiaki Kashima (also tasked with solely developing the entirety of the sound driver) revealed in a 2001 interview that he composed Sonic 3's special stage theme, and that the theme had been previously created for the unreleased arcade title SegaSonic Bros.. He also stated he was unable to go into further detail due to confidentiality issues. Fellow composer Jun Senoue echoes these sentiments, stating in a 2010 Nintendo Power interview that he knows "quite a lot" about Jackson's involvement, but cannot disclose any information outside of crediting himself for the game's bonus stage themes.

As the 1997 Windows PC port of Sonic 3 appears to have been developed alongside the Mega Drive version, it sidesteps any involvement by Michael Jackson and instead features the tracks originally composed for the game. The November 2019 release of the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 prototype features these original tracks in Mega Drive form, and date from a time before Jackson's involvement - revealing the rather late nature of the star's collaboration.

Legacy

“	Sonic 3 (also called Sonic & Knuckles) was a lot of fun, but it was also very difficult. Michael Jackson was originally brought in to compose all the music for the game, but at the very end, his work was dropped after his scandals became public. This caused a lot of problems and required a lot of reworking. But the game turned out great in the end.	„
— Roger Hector, General Manager of the Sega Technical Institute

In an August 2005 interview, Roger Hector ("executive coordinator" of both Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles) revealed that Michael Jackson had originally composed the entirety of the game's soundtrack, and additionally stated that the artist was later dropped due to his 1993 sexual abuse allegations (which occurred around the same time). Hector later reaffirmed this statement in a second interview two years later, again claiming that the Jackson soundtrack was never heard by the general public.Media:Makingofs3kpg4.jpg This marked the first public knowledge of Jackson's involvement with the game.

While Hector was not directly involved in the game's development, he was Sega Technical Institute's General Manager and worked directly with Jackson on a number of occasions. Hector claims he was responsible for both hiring and firing the artist, and for bringing in Howard Drossin to replace the offending music (since denied by Drossin). He recalls Jackson's tracks "fitted perfectly for the game, and they had a distinctive 'Michael Jackson' sound. We had it all ready and integrated into the game when the first news stories came out accusing him [of] child molestation, and Sega had to back away from the collaboration... It was too bad nobody outside ever heard the Michael Jackson music."Media:Makingofs3kpg4.jpg This stance was supported by Naoto Oshima in 2018, who was not involved in the game's development. However, the majority of Jackson's staff argues this was not the case. In particular, Brad Buxer states that Jackson voluntarily chose to go uncredited due to his dissatisfaction with the playback quality of the Mega Drive (likely the "crunchy" sample playback of Sonic 3's sound driver). Buxer also reconfirmed that the decision was unrelated to the 1993 sexual abuse allegations.

STI's Roger Hector.

Some time later, it was also discovered that the online discography for Cirocco Jones (credited as 'Scirocco' in Sonic 3) contains a listing for two pieces of untitled music from the project. Labelled "levels 2 & 3", and noting the tracks were composed by Michael Jackson for "Sonic The Hedgehog", it is speculated this numbering refers to either a prototype Zone order or the internal production order of the compositions themselves. Correspondence between Jones and Sonic Retro members has revealed that Jackson's sound team worked "countless hours" with the artist on the soundtrack's production, additionally stating that "Sega owes them money" for unpaid work.

Brad Buxer was interviewed in December 2009 by Jackson fan magazine Black & White Magazine, where he confirmed that the game's final release of does contain at least one composition by Michael Jackson - "Staff Roll". According to Buxer, Jackson requested to go uncredited due to dissatisfaction with the sound quality of the Mega Drive's YM-2612 sound chip. He also confirmed the relation between Jackson's "Stranger in Moscow" and "Staff Roll", and that said theme indeed uses chords originally composed by the two.

“	B&W: Can you clarify the rumor that Michael had in 1993 composed the music for Sonic 3 video game, for which you [have] been credited? Buxer: I've never played the game so I do not know what tracks on which Michael and I have worked the developers have kept, but we did compose music for the game. Michael called me at the time for help on this project, and that's what I did. And if he is not credited for composing the music, it's because he was not happy with the [resulting] sound coming out of the console. At the time, game consoles did not allow an optimal sound reproduction, and Michael found it frustrating. He did not want to be associated with a product that devalued his music... B&W: One of the surprising things in this soundtrack is that you can hear the chords from Stranger in Moscow, which is supposed to have been composed later... Buxer: Yes, Michael and I had composed those chords for the game, and it has been used as [the] base for Stranger in Moscow. [...]	„
— An excerpt from the Black & White Magazine interview with Brad Buxer

In 2016, Todd van Luling of the Huffington Post reached out to all of the Western composers involved in Sonic the Hedgehog 3's development. The responding staff revealed that they were assembled by Jackson to assist him in composing music for the game, and that Jackson's music could still be heard in the final release. Additionally, with the 2019 release of the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 1993-11-03 prototype, it appears the music that Jackson's sound team produced was used to replace existing tracks composed by Sega's internal sound team, which would be first heard in Sonic & Knuckles Collection. This lends further credence to Michael Jackson deciding to go uncredited rather than Sega pulling the plug themselves (who could always revert to older, in-house compositions), as well as revealing the rather late nature of Jackson's involvement in the development process.

In May 2019, Buxer was interviewed for YouTube show The MJCast where he talked about the origin of Stranger in Moscow and his work on Sonic 3, describing how Jackson assigned him to start composing for the game and put him in charge of "delegating other people to help... like Doug Grigsby and Darryl Ross and other people." Buxer frames himself as being the lead on the Sonic 3 project, with Jackson having less personal involvement, and states the team had completed around 41 music cues for the game - suggesting that every Act and Zone had a unique track composed for it (even Zones planned for Sonic & Knuckles). If true, it explains why Roger Hector feels people have never heard Michael Jackson's version of the soundtrack.

Legal matters

The Sonic 3 prototype provided a great deal of insight into the soundtrack's legal status.

In the modern age, game companies have become increasingly wary of rereleasing games in their back catalog that they may not own the full rights to (particularly in regard to music and samples), and Sonic the Hedgehog 3's original soundtrack may have been presenting a problem as early as 1997. While Sega isn't thought to have been legally challenged on the game's music, when Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Sonic & Knuckles were brought to Windows PCs in the form of Sonic & Knuckles Collection, six tracks (Carnival Night, IceCap, Launch Base, the credits to Sonic the Hedgehog 3, Knuckles' theme in Sonic 3 and the Competition menu) had entirely different compositions and both game's Mini-Boss themes defaulted to the Sonic & Knuckles version. The Michael Jackson tracks were also conspicuously absent from the music found in the related Sonic the Hedgehog The Screen Saver.

Initially, the new tracks were believed to be replacements to avoid rights issues. However, as these tracks are present in the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (prototype; 1993-11-03), it is speculated that the both the Mega Drive and PC versions may have been developed simultaneously. It is possible that these compositions were the original versions of their respective themes (i.e. what was originally planned before Michael Jackson's team was introduced), and only the Mega Drive development team received the compositions produced by Jackson's repertoire.

No subsequent Sonic game has ever revisited Carnival Night, IceCap, or Launch Base Zone. Sonic Generations and Sonic Mania avoid these levels, and likewise, the mini-boss theme has never been heard outside of Sonic 3. The lone exception is Lego Dimensions, which included Carnival Night and IceCap but sidestepped the issue by not licensing any music from the Mega Drive titles, opting instead to compose new soundalike tracks. Curiously, some of the replaced Sonic 3 jingles have turned up in later games (such as the title screen and 1-up theme), which would indicate Sega owns the rights to those. Most of Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure's soundtrack is lifted from Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles while typically avoiding the purportedly-offending tracks, but strangely uses Knuckles' theme from Sonic 3 for a cutscene.

Sonic 3 is less widely available than its Mega Drive counterparts - while included where it is expected (e.g. Sonic Jam or Sonic Mega Collection), it is often neglected in budget Mega Drive consoles (particularly those made by AtGames). It is also notably absent from the 2018 release of Sega Mega Drive Classics, despite virtually every other first-party Mega Drive game making an appearance. While Christian Whitehead and Simon Thomley offered to develop a remastered version of Sonic 3 in line with their mobile versions of Sonic CD, Sonic 1 and Sonic 2, Sega chose not to pursue remastering the game until the release of Sonic Origins in 2022.

Track list

This is a work in progress list to identify the sound team and composer(s) behind each track in Sonic 3 & Knuckles. Of particular interest is whether said tracks have made reappearances in future Sonic games, indicating they are likely owned by Sega and do not present copyright complications.

Curiously, while most compositions believed to be credited to Michael Jackson and his sound team are expectedly absent from future Sonic media, the 1999 Neo Geo Pocket Color game Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure features a number of said tracks. As the legal status of these compositions are believed to be unknown (even to Sega themselves), and Pocket Adventure was developed by an outside company, it is thought their inclusion was a simple licensing mistake.

Zone themes

Angel Island Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	01	ALL	Sega	???
	02	ALL	Sega	???
When arranged for Super Smash Bros. Brawl, credit is given solely to Jun Senoue (later debunked by Senoue himself). It was speculated that Tomonori Sawada is the Zone's composer, but confirmed in a 2015 SoundCloud message that he only composed Sonic the Hedgehog 3's title screen theme and some additional jingles.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (Act 1 & 2), Sonic Generations (Act 1), Sonic Mania (Act 1, first 15 seconds only), Sonic Mania Plus (Act 1), Sonic Mania Adventures (Act 1 & 2), True Blue: The Best of Sonic the Hedgehog (Act 1 & 2), and Super Smash Bros. Brawl (Act 1 & 2).

Hydrocity Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	03	ALL	Sega	???
	04	ALL	Opus	Masayuki Nagao (Arrangement)
The online discography for Cirocco Jones (credited as 'Scirocco' in Sonic 3) contains a listing for two pieces of untitled music from the game. Labelled "levels 2 & 3", and crediting to tracks to Michael Jackson for "Sonic The Hedgehog", it is speculated this numbering refers to either a prototype Zone order or the internal production order of the compositions themselves. Jones also lists a track titled "The Water", but does not clarify if this is a third track or a title for one of the aforementioned two.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (Act 1 & 2), Sonic Generations (Act 1), and Sonic Mania (Act 1 & 2).

Marble Garden Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	05	ALL	Cube	Miyoko Takaoka (Composer)
	06	ALL	Cube	Miyoko Takaoka (Composer)
In 2014, Miyoko Takaoka revealed during fan correspondence that she composed the music for Marble Garden Zone and the game's bonus stage. However, after being shown the bonus stage music in the final game, she did not recognize it as hers, believing her original composition may have gone unused. While she did not comment on Marble Garden Zone, fans familiar with her work claim the final theme does not sound like Takaoka's style. During a 2020 Sonic Live event, Takaoka was credited for the song x being used as background music.
Reappears in Sonic Generations (Act 1).

Carnival Night Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	07	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	???
	08	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Opus	Masayuki Nagao (Arrangement)
		S3	M.J.	???
Both Acts of the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version are directly inspired by the 1991 Michael Jackson song "Jam", most notably in the use of a horn-based "downwards fall". The final note in this sequence is accompanied by a distorted "crashing glass" sample taken directly from the song "Jam". The relatively-poor fidelity of the sample's playback supports Brad Buxer's 2009 claim that Michael Jackson left the project from dissatisfaction over the Mega Drive's sound quality. Identical notes between the two songs are highlighted in red:
Both acts also contain rhythms inspired by "Entry of the Gladiators" by Julius Fučík, a public domain piece commonly associated with circuses.
Certain bars from the 1993-11-03 prototype's Act 2 theme were used in Sonic Drift 2, crediting Masayuki Nagao & Saori Kobayashi.
Does not reappear in future media.

Flying Battery Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	09	ALL	Sega	???
	0A	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (Act 2), Sonic Generations (Act 1), Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (Act 1), Sonic Mania (Act 1 & 2), and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 (Act 1 & 2).

IceCap Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	0B	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	Brad Buxer (Composer)
	0C	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	Brad Buxer (Composer)
The Sonic 3 version is directly based on the song "Hard Times", an unreleased 1982 new wave single by Brad Buxer's band The Jetzons, which went unheard by the general public until its inclusion on the 2008 compilation album The Complete Jetzons.. While Jackson was not involved with the song, a section of the artist's famous "Smooth Criminal" shares chord structures with Act 1. While these specific chords were somewhat common in contemporary R&B music (even appearing in Jackson's later "Who Is It"), the familiarity of "Smooth Criminal" and interest in Jackson's involvement resulted in long-standing community speculation that Ice Cap Zone was one of Michael Jackson's uncredited compositions.
The prototype Sonic 3 version is speculated to have been composed by Tomonori Sawada, due to distinct similarities between it and Crystal Egg Zone's theme from Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (8-bit).
Does not reappear in future media.

Launch Base Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	0D	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	???
	0E	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	???
The Sonic 3 version is speculated to have been composed by Michael Jackson and his sound team.
Does not reappear in future media.

Mushroom Hill Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	0F	ALL	Sega	???
	10	ALL	Sega	???
Interestingly, the backing drums of Act 1 strongly resemble the beat of the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version of Knuckles' Theme.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (Act 1), Sonic Generations (Act 1 & 2), and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 (Act 1).

Sandopolis Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	11	ALL	Sega	???
	12	ALL	Sega	???
A Howard Drossin composition bearing the same name was included in the 1996 album Virtual Sonic. However, it is a completely different song from the one which actually appears in Sonic 3.
Reappears in Team Sonic Racing and 'Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3.

Lava Reef Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	13	ALL	Sega	???
	14	ALL	Opus	Masayuki Nagao (Arrangement)
Act 2's theme would later be repurposed for Sonic & Knuckles's Hidden Palace Zone.
Reappears in Sonic Mania (Act 1 & 2) and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 (Act 1).

Sky Sanctuary Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	15	ALL	Sega	???
Act 1's theme would later be repurposed for Sonic & Knuckles and Sonic 3 & Knuckles's ending cutscene themes.
It was speculated that Tomonori Sawada is the Zone's composer, but confirmed in a 2015 SoundCloud message that he only composed Sonic the Hedgehog 3's title screen theme and some additional jingles. Masaru Setsumaru has also confirmed he is not the Zone's composer.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (Act 1), Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (Act 1), Sonic Generations (Act 1), Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed (Act 1), and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 (Act 1).

Death Egg Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	16	ALL	Sega	???
	17	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (Act 1), Sonic Generations (Act 1), and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 (Act 1).

Boss themes

Sub-Boss Theme	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	18	S3 Proto, S&K, PC, Origins	Sega	???
	2E	S3	M.J.	Brad Buxer (Composer)
The Sonic 3 version is derived from the original version of "Knuckles' Theme" from the same game, with Geoff Grace credited as its arranger. It shares similar chord progression with Michael Jackson's "Is It Scary", recorded one year prior to the game's release. Notably, "Is It Scary" was intended for use in the 1993 film Addams Family Values, but its inclusion was cancelled after contractual issues. Alongside Buxer's reuse of his song "Hard Times" for Ice Cap Zone's theme, this reveals that Jackson's sound team were recycling their past, unreleased material for inclusion in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (likely due to the late nature of their requested involvement).
A bug in Sonic 3 causes the Sonic & Knuckles version of the theme to play. This programming oversight (where the game loads the music at ID 18 instead of 2E) reveals the late nature of Jackson and his sound team's involvement in Sonic 3. The 1993-11-03 prototype seems to support this theory, as it only contains the Sonic & Knuckles version.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3, and Virtual Sonic (voice samples).

Boss Theme	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	19	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, Sonic Drift 2, and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3.

The Doomsday Zone	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	1A	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, Sonic Generations (Nintendo 3DS) (2011 demo), and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3.

Final Boss Theme (Big Arm)	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	30	ALL	Sega	???
"Final Boss Theme" is notably high on Sonic 3's internal track listing, suggesting it was later addition to the project. It is also present in the October 1993 prototype, indicating it may have been created after it was decided to split the game in two.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, Sonic Generations (Nintendo 3DS), Sonic Mania Adventures, and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3.

Bonus/Special Stage themes

Bonus Stage (Rolling Jump)	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	1B	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3.

Special Stage (Blue Spheres)	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	1C	ALL	Sega	Yoshiaki Kashima (Composer)
Recycled from the unreleased 1992 Sega System C puzzle game SegaSonic Bros..
Reappears in J.League Pro Striker (1993 prototype), Sonic Mania, Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3, Sonic the Hedgehog 10th Anniversary, and announcements for Sonic the Hedgehog's official Minecraft DLC and texture pack.

Bonus Stage (Slot Machine)	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	1D	ALL	Sega	Jun Senoue (Composer & Arrangement)
The lead programmer of Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island, Jon Burton, credits the composition to Jun Senoue.
Reappears in Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island (825 prototype), Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, and Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3.

Bonus Stage (Gumball Machine)	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	1E	ALL	Sega	Jun Senoue (Composer)
Confirmed through an interview with Jun Senoue.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.

Competition themes

Azure Lake	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	20	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.

Balloon Park	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	21	ALL	Sega	Jun Senoue (Composer)
Composition credit shared with Sega Sound Team on Sonic Generations Original Soundtrack: Blue Blur and Sonic Generations Official Soundtrack (Vol. 2).
Reappears in Sonic Generations.

Desert Palace	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	22	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.

Chrome Gadget	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	23	ALL	Sega	???
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.

Endless Mine	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	24	ALL	Sega	???
Sonic Generations Original Soundtrack: Blue Blur solely credits the composition to Jun Senoue.
The melody bears similarities to "Escape from the City" from Sonic Adventure 2, composed by Jun Senoue. However, Senoue himself denied a connection between the two. Regardless, his band Cash Cash incorporated Endless Mine Zone's melody in their Act 1 arrangement of "Escape from the City" for Sonic Generations.
Reappears in Sonic Generations (melody).

Other themes & jingles

Knuckles' Theme	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	1F	S3 Proto, PC	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	Brad Buxer (Composer)
		S&K, PC, Origins	Sega	Howard Drossin (Composer), Masaru Setsumaru (Programming)
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 prototype and Sonic & Knuckles Collection version was composed by an unknown composer, likely in-house at Sega. Curiously, this version is the only track from Sonic 3 to be entirely excluded from Sonic Origins.
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version was almost certainly co-composed by Brad Buxer and Michael Jackson; notably, it includes a 4-bar swinging hip hop beat previously featured in "Blood on the Dance Floor", a single by Jackson (with drum programming credited to Buxer) recorded three years earlier. Interestingly, the backing drums of Mushroom Hill Zone Act 1 strongly resemble the beat of this version. This track reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.
The Sonic & Knuckles version was composed by Howard Drossin, and reappears in Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 and Virtual Sonic.

Title Screen	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	25	S3C, S3, PC, Origins	Sega / Opus	Tomonori Sawada (Composer)
		S&K, PC	Sega	Howard Drossin (Composer), Masaru Setsumaru (Programming)
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version was composed by Tomonori Sawada (as revealed in 2015 fan correspondence). It reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.
The Sonic & Knuckles version was composed by Howard Drossin, and reappears in Sonic & Knuckles • Sonic The Hedgehog 3 and Virtual Sonic.

Staff Roll	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	26	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	Brad Buxer (Composer)
		S3C Proto	Various	Various
		S&K, PC, Origins	Sega	Various
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 prototype and Sonic & Knuckles Collection version reappears in Sonic Origins.
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version was co-composed by Michael Jackson and Brad Buxer, and was notably used as the basis for Jackson's 1995 song "Stranger In Moscow" (as confirmed by Buxer in his 2009 and 2019 interviews. Recorded just a few months after Jackson departed the project, Buxer utilized the same chord progression and synth/strings sections of "Staff Roll".
The Sonic & Knuckles version reappears in Sonic Origins.

Game Over	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	27	ALL	Sega	Jun Senoue (Composer & Arrangement)
The Mega Drive version of Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island credits composition to Jun Senoue.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, Sonic the Hedgehog 4, Sonic Generations, Sonic Mania, and Super Mario Maker.

2-Player Results (Competition)	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	28	ALL	Sega	Jun Senoue (Composer & Arrangement)
The Mega Drive version of Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island credits composition to Jun Senoue.
Reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.

Act Clear	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	29	ALL	Sega	Jun Senoue (Composer & Arrangement)
The Mega Drive version of Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island credits composition to Jun Senoue.
Reappears in various future media.

Extra Life	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	2A	S3 Proto, S3, PC, Origins	Sega / Opus	Tomonori Sawada (Composer)
		S&K, PC, Origins	Sega	Howard Drossin (Composer), Masaru Setsumaru (Programming & Arrangement)
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version is based off the title screen theme, and is likely one of the jingles Tomonori Sawada referred to composing. It was later rearranged by Masayuki Nagao for 1995's Sonic Drift 2, and makes reappearances in Sonic the Hedgehog 4, Sonic Mania, and a 2012 Progressive Insurance commercial starring Sonic the Hedgehog.
The Sonic & Knuckles version is based off the title screen theme, and is likely composed by Howard Drossin. It later reappeared in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure and Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version is used for Sonic Origins except for Classic Mode, where the Sonic & Knuckles version plays instead. This determines what version is used in Blue Sphere and New Blue Spheres, except for when played standalone from the main menu, in which Blue Sphere is in Classic Mode yet both use the Sonic & Knuckles version.

Chaos Emerald	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	2B	ALL	Sega	Yukifumi Makino (Composer & Arrangement)
Used as early as the original Sonic the Hedgehog.
Reappears in various future media.

Invincibility Theme	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	2C	S3 Proto, S3, PC	Sega / Opus	Tomonori Sawada (Composer)
		S&K, PC, Origins	Sega	Howard Drossin (Composer), Masaru Setsumaru (Programming)
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version is based off the title screen theme, and is likely one of the jingles Tomonori Sawada referred to composing. It later reappeared in 1995's Sonic Drift 2 (which attributes sound to Masayuki Nagao & Saori Kobayashi) and a 2012 Progressive Insurance commercial starring Sonic the Hedgehog.
The Sonic & Knuckles version is based off the title screen theme, and is likely composed by Howard Drossin. It later reappeared in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure.

Competition Screen	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	2D	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
		S3	M.J.	???
The Mega Drive version is speculated to be composed by Jackson's sound team. If true, it would be their only contribution to forgo the use of sampled drums. Additionally, the 2001 Michael Jackson single "You Rock My World" shares similar chords with the theme, with further speculation that Jackson based the single on his Sonic 3 work (in a similar manner to "Stranger in Moscow").
Does not reappear in future media.

Unused Theme	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	2E	S3 Proto, PC, Origins	Sega	???
Replaced with the sub-boss theme in the Mega Drive release.
Reappears in Sonic Origins.

Data Select	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	2F	ALL	Sega	Masaru Setsumaru (Programming & Arrangement)
The theme's arrangement in 1997's Sonic Jam is credited to Masaru Setsumaru and Kenichi Tokoi. However, Setsumaru later confirmed he was not the composer (and did not know who was), and Tokoi joined Sega two years after Sonic 3's release, leaving the actual composer unknown.
Reappears in Sonic Jam, Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, Sonic Gems Collection, Sonic Generations, and True Blue: The Best of Sonic the Hedgehog.

Drowning Countdown	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	31	ALL	Sega	Yukifumi Makino (Composer & Arrangement)
Used as early as the original Sonic the Hedgehog.
Reappears in various future media.

All Clear	ID	Version(s)	Team	Credit(s)
	32	S3, PC	Sega / Opus	Tomonori Sawada (Composer)
		S&K, Origins	Sega	Howard Drossin (Composer), Masaru Setsumaru (Programming)
The Sonic the Hedgehog 3 version reappears in Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, and the Sonic & Knuckles version reappears in Sonic Origins.

Audio samples

Download Sonic 3 Samples (WAV Format) File: S3sampswav.rar (125 kB) (info)

The DAC audio samples located within the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 ROM (

originally extracted by Stealth) are listed here as part of an ongoing project to locate where they came from.

Discussion Thread.

DAC Audio Samples List	ID	Type	Source	Description / Usage
	81	Drum		Snare
	82	Drum	Same as 83, 84, 85	Tom
	83	Drum	Same as 82, 84, 85	Tom
	84	Drum	Same as 82, 83, 85	Tom
	85	Drum	Same as 82, 83, 84	Tom
	86	Drum		Kick
	87	Drum		Snare
	88	Drum		Kick + Cymbal
	89	Drum		HiHat
	8A	SFX	Same as 8B	Hit (Metal)
	8B	SFX	Same as 8A	Hit (Metal)
	8C	SFX		Pop, Click
	8D	Drum	Same as 8E
	8E	Drum	Same as 8D
	8F	Clap
	90	Drum	Same as 91, 92, 93	E.Tom
	91	Drum	Same as 90, 92, 93	E.Tom
	92	Drum	Same as 90, 91, 93	E.Tom
	93	Drum	Same as 90, 91, 92	E.Tom
	94	Drum	Same as 95, 96, 97	E.Snare
	95	Drum	Same as 94, 96, 97	E.Snare
	96	Drum	Same as 94, 95, 97	E.Snare
	97	Drum	Same as 94, 95, 96	E.Snare
	98	Drum	Same as 99, 9A	Timpani
	99	Drum	Same as 98, 9A	Timpani
	9A	Drum	Same as 98, 99	Timpani
	9B	Drum		Snare
	9C	SFX		Shaker
	9D	SFX		Kick (Distorted)
	9E	SFX		Hit
	9F	Sample (Original)	Michael Jackson: "Jam"	"Jam!" long (Played at 13.5kHz) / Carnival Night Zone
	A0	Sample (Original)	Michael Jackson: "Jam"	"Jam!" short (Played at 13.5kHz) / Carnival Night Zone
	A1	Sample (Original)	Michael Jackson: "In The Closet" ([1])	Glass Break 1 / Carnival Night Zone
	A2	Sample (Original)	Michael Jackson: "In The Closet" ([2])	Glass Break 2 / Carnival Night Zone, Launch Base Zone
	A3	SFX		Hit
	A4	Drum		Kick (Muted)
	A5	Sample (Sample Pack)	Norman Cook: "Skip To My Loops" (Track 64)	"Come On!" / Sub-Boss Theme (S3)
	A6	Drum		E.Snare
	A7	Drum		Kick (Vintage)
	A8	Drum		Kick (Processed)
	A9	Sample (Sample Pack)	Norman Cook: "Skip To My Loops" (Track 64)	"Woo!", "HUH" / Sub-Boss Theme (S3)
	AA	Sample (Sample Pack)	Run-DMC: "Peter Piper" (1:56)	"Go!" / Launch Base Zone
	AB	Sample (Edited Sample Pack)	Same as AA sample with snare drum added	"Go!" + Snare / Launch Base Zone
	AC	Drum		Kick (Processed)
	AD	Percussion	Same as AE	Hit (Wooden)
	AE	Percussion	Same as AD	Hit (Wooden)
	AF	Percussion	Same as B0	Hit (Metal)
	B0	Percussion	Same as AF	Hit (Metal)
	B1	SFX		Sci-Fi Sound
	B2	Clap	Same as B3	/ Knuckles' Theme (S3)
	B3	Clap	Same as B2	/ Knuckles' Theme (S3)
	B4	Sample	Same as C1, C2, C3, C4	Chord Stab
	B5	Sample		Chord Stab
	B6	Sample (Original)	James Brown: "Say It Loud, I'm Black & I'm Proud" ([3])	"Yeah", "Hey" + Kick / Knuckles' Theme (S3), Sub-Boss Theme (S3)
	B7	Drum		Kick
	B8	Sample	Same as B9	Chord Stab
	B9	Sample	Same as B8	Chord Stab
	BA	SFX		Cymbal (Reversed)
	BB	SFX		Record Scratch
	BC	Sample		Chord Stab
	BD	Drum		Kick
	BE	Sample (Edited Sample Pack)	Same as A9 plus glass break added	"Woo!" + Glass Break / Sub-Boss Theme (S3)
	BF	SFX		Click
	C0	Sample (Original [?])		Breath
	C1	Sample	Same as B4, C2, C3, C4	Chord Stab
	C2	Sample	Same as B4, C1, C3, C4	Chord Stab
	C3	Sample	Same as B4, C1, C2, C4	Chord Stab
	C4	Sample	Same as B4, C1, C2, C3	Chord Stab
	XX	Sample	Similar to BC	Chord Stab

Staff list

Name	Group	Role	Description	Statement(s)
Tokuhiko Uwabo	Sega Sound Team	Sound Director	Tokuhiko "Bo" Uwabo is a composer and Sega Sound Team member responsible for managing the game's sound development, which entailed assigning Sega staff to production work and contracting outside composers; he confirms he did not compose for the soundtrack itself.	20xx fan correspondence
Sachio Ogawa	Sega Sound Team		Sachio Ogawa is a composer and Sega Sound Team member.
Yoshiaki Kashima	Sega Sound Team	Sound Programmer, Sound Designer, Sound Driver Programming	Yoshiaki Kashima is a sound programmer and sound designer with Sega Sound Team, tasked with creating Sonic the Hedgehog 3's music driver entirely by himself.	Milpo Interview by LOst (July 23, 2001)
Masaru Setsumaru	Sega Sound Team	Sound Programmer, Sound Designer, Arranger	Masaru Setsumaru is a sound programmer and Sega Sound Team member. He is one of few Sega of Japan employees to confirm Jackson's involvement in Sonic the Hedgehog 3.	20xx fan correspondence, 2015 fan correspondence
Tatsuyuki Maeda	Sega Sound Team		Tatsuyuki Maeda is a composer and Sega Sound Team member.
Tomonori Sawada	Sega Sound Team	Composer	Tomonori Sawada is a composer and Sega Sound Team member.	20xx fan correspondence
Masayuki Nagao	Sega Sound Team	Sound Programmer, Sound Designer, Arranger	Masayuki Nagao is a sound programmer and arranger with Sega Sound Team. As Nagao was preparing to migrate to a new job at Opus, he is credited to said company instead.
Jun Senoue	Sega Sound Team	Composer	Jun Senoue is a composer and Sega Sound Team member. He is one of few Sega of Japan employees to confirm Jackson's involvement in Sonic the Hedgehog 3.	Jun Senoue interview by LOst (June 2002), Jun Senoue interview by Nintendo Power (2010)
Miyoko Takaoka	Cube	Composer	Miyoko Takaoka is a composer. She is credited to Cube, the sound production company she was contracted through. Between her and fellow Cube composer Masanori Hikichi, they created a total of eight tracks for the project.	2014 Twitter post
Masanori Hikichi	Cube	Composer	Masanori Hikichi is a composer. He is credited to Cube, the sound production company he was contracted through. Between him and fellow Cube composer Miyoko Takaoka, they created a total of eight tracks for the project.
Masanori Nakayama	Studio Who		Masanori Nakayama served an unknown role in the soundtrack's production. He receives a Sound Special Thanks in Sonic 3's credits.
Michael Jackson	Jackson's sound team	Composer	Michael Jackson was an American pop music artist who became involved in the composition of Sonic the Hedgehog 3's soundtrack relatively late in development, bringing a number of members of his personal sound team to the project.
Brad Buxer	Jackson's sound team	Composer, Arranger	Brad Buxer is a composer and one of Michael Jackson's closest professional collaborators at the time. He is one of three members of Jackson's sound team to confirm the artist's involvement in the project through the 2016 Huffington Post article.	Brad Buxer Interview (Black & White, November/December 2009), 2016 Huffington Post article, 2019 MJCast episode
Robert Green "Bobby" Brooks	Jackson's sound team		Bobby Brooks is an audio engineer and long-time collaborator of Michael Jackson and his siblings.
Darryl Ross	Jackson's sound team		Darryl Ross is an audio engineer and Michael Jackson collaborator.
Geoff Grace	Jackson's sound team	Arranger	Geoff Grace is a composer and Michael Jackson collaborator.
Doug Grigsby III	Jackson's sound team		Doug Grigsby III is a producer and long-time Michael Jackson collaborator. He is one of three members of Jackson's sound team to confirm the artist's involvement in the project through the 2016 Huffington Post article.	2016 Huffington Post article
C. Cirocco "Scirocco" Jones	Jackson's sound team	Sound Programmer, Arranger, Composer	C. Cirocco Jones is a producer and Michael Jackson collaborator. He is one of three members of Jackson's sound team to confirm the artist's involvement in the project through the 2016 Huffington Post article.	Online discography (Wayback Machine), 20xx fan correspondence, 2016 Huffington Post article
Mayumi Nina Sakazaki	Jackson's sound team	Coordinator	Mayumi Nina Sakazaki ("MRM") was Michael Jackson's long-time Japanese coordinator, personally responsible for assisting the artist while working in the country. She is given a special thanks in Sonic 3's credits.
Hisaki Nimiya	Sega of Japan	Coordinator	Hisaki Nimiya is a coordinator and translator with Sega of Japan which assisted Sega Sound Team during their work with Michael Jackson.
Hisashi Suzuki	Sega of Japan	Director	Hisashi Suzuki is a veteran Sega of Japan executive, director, and engineer, and the Sega representative who worked most closely with Michael Jackson during his past collaborations with the company. Suzuki was Jackson's primary point-of-contact for Sega, and the two reputedly developed a close friendship over the years.
Howard Drossin	Sega Technical Institute	Composer, Arranger	Howard Drossin is Sega Technical Institute's in-house composer. He recalls being called into the project at the last minute to create a number of jingles for Sonic 3, most of which would go unused until the release of Sonic & Knuckles. He receives a Sound Special Thanks in Sonic 3's credits.	Howard Drossin interview by SageXPO (August 2008)
Roger Hector	Sega Technical Institute	General Manager	Roger Hector was Sega Technical Institute's General Manager, and while not directly involved in sound production, was responsible for a number of important decisions relating to Michael Jackson's involvement with Sonic 3. Hector states that he was the one officially responsible for both hiring and firing Jackson, and for assigning Howard Drossin to replace the offending music. Hector was the first person within Sega to bring the artist's involvement to light, and is the source of the claim that Jackson was fired over his 1993 sexual abuse allegations.	Roger Hector interview by hxc (August 2005), Roger Hector interview by Games™ (2007)

Interviews

• Howard Drossin interview by SageXPO (August 2008)
• Milpo Interview by LOst (July 23, 2001)
• Jun Senoue interview by LOst (June 2002)
• Roger Hector interview by hxc (August 2005)
• Brad Buxer Interview (Black & White, November/December 2009)

External links

• The Michael Jackson Video Game Conspiracy article by Todd Van Luling at The Huffington Post
• The Story of Sonic Team – 1997 Developer Interview article at shmuplations.com
• The MJCast 100: Brad Buxer Special episode at The MJCast
• 
  The "Sonic The Hedgehog 3 & Knuckles" Quest for Music Composer Research investigative thread at Sonic and Sega Retro Forums